the electrons in the outer shell or energy level that are available for bonding the speed at which chemical reactions occur affected by factors such as temperature, surface area, agitation, and pH genetic makeup of an organism |
formation of new and different sets of chromosomes or genes |
kinetic (electrical, heat, light, motion, and sound) and potential (chemical, gravitational, mechanical, and nuclear) |
the kinetic energy that flows between two samples of matter due to their differences in temperature |
reactions that convert a fraction of mass into energy (e.g. fission, fusion, radioactive decay) |